Explicit Hopcroft's Trick in Categorical Partition Refinement

Algorithms for partition refinement are actively studied for a variety of systems, often with the optimisation called Hopcroft's trick. However, the low-level description of those algorithms in the literature often obscures the essence of Hopcroft's trick. Our contribution is twofold. Firstly, we present a novel formulation of Hopcroft's trick in terms of general trees with weights. This clean and explicit formulation -- we call it Hopcroft's inequality -- is crucially used in our second contribution, namely a general partition refinement algorithm that is \emph{functor-generic} (i.e. it works for a variety of systems such as (non-)deterministic automata and Markov chains). Here we build on recent works on coalgebraic partition refinement but depart from them with the use of fibrations. In particular, our fibrational notion of $R$-partitioning exposes a concrete tree structure to which Hopcroft's inequality readily applies. It is notable that our fibrational framework accommodates such algorithmic analysis on the categorical level of abstraction

Property of hepatitis B virus replication in Tupaia belangeri hepatocytes

AbstractThe northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri) has been reported to be an effective candidate for animal infection model with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The objective of our study was to analyze the growth characteristics of HBV in tupaia hepatocytes and the host response to HBV infection. We established primary tupaia hepatocytes (3–6-week old tupaia) and infected them with HBV genotypes A, B and C, and all the genotypes proliferated as well as those in human primary hepatocytes (>105 copies/ml in culture supernatant). We next generated a chimeric mouse with tupaia liver by transplantation of tupaia primary hepatocytes to urokinase-type plasminogen activator cDNA (cDNA-uPA)/severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and the replacement ratio with tupaia hepatocytes was found to be more than 95%. Infection of chimeric mice with HBV (genotypes B, C, and D) resulted in HBV-DNA level of 104-106 copies/ml after 8 weeks of infection, which were almost similar to that in humanized chimeric mouse. In contrast, serum HBV level in adult tupaia (1-year-old tupaia) was quite low (<103 copies/ml). Understanding the differences in the response to HBV infection in primary tupaia hepatocytes, chimeric mouse, and adult tupaia will contribute to elucidating the mechanism of persistent HBV infection and viral eradication. Thus, T. belangeri was found to be efficient for studying the host response to HBV infection, thereby providing novel insight into the pathogenesis of HBV

Pengaruh Dimensi Benda Uji Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton

Kuat tekan adalah karakteristik mekanik utama dari beton yang dapat diketahui melalui penelitian uji tekan di laboratorium terhadap benda uji. Baik dalam bentuk kubus ataupun silinder dengan ukuran standar: 10cm x 10cm x 10cm dan 15cm x 15cm untuk kubus dan 10cm x 20cm dan 15cm x 30cm untuk silinder. Untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai kecendrungan harga kuat tekan beton dengan variasi dimensi benda uji, telah dilakukan penelitian-penelitian di laboratoriun untuk mendapatkan komposisi campuran tertentu pada umur beton 28 hari, variasi ukuran benda uji dibuat: 10cm x 10cm x 10cm, 12,5cm x 12,5cm x 12,5cm dan 15cm x 15cm x 15cm untuk kubus dan 10cm x 20cm, 12,5cm x 25cm dan 15cm x 30cm untuk silinder. Dengan jumlah benda uji masing-masing 20 buah untuk setiap ukuran benda uji. Melalui prosedur standar pengujian kuat tekan dan menggunakan formula-formula baku perhitungan tekan rata-rata diperoleh informasi bahwa peningkatan ukuran dimensi benda uji menghasilkan penurunan kuat tekan rata-rata, untuk benda uji kubus dengan ukuran masing-masing: 10cm x 10cm x 10cm, 12,5cm x 12,5cm x 12,5cm dan 15cm x 15cm x 15cm diperoleh kuat tekan rata-rata masing-masing: 32,86MPa, 31,26MPa dan 31,036MPa. Sedangkan untuk silinder dengan kururan 10cm x 20cm, 12,5cm x 25cm dan 15cm x 30cm diperoleh kuat tekan rata-rata masing-masing: 31,47MPa, 30,85MPa dan 30,44MPa

Electric Dipolar Susceptibility of the Anderson-Holstein Model

The temperature dependence of electric dipolar susceptibility \chi_P is discussed on the basis of the Anderson-Holstein model with the use of a numerical renormalization group (NRG) technique. Note that P is related with phonon Green's function D. In order to obtain correct temperature dependence of P at low temperatures, we propose a method to evaluate P through the Dyson equation from charge susceptibility \chi_c calculated by the NRG, in contrast to the direct NRG calculation of D. We find that the irreducible charge susceptibility estimated from \chi_c agree with the perturbation calculation, suggesting that our method works well.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

An attenuated vaccinia vaccine encoding the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 spike protein elicits broad and durable immune responses, and protects cynomolgus macaques and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and its variants

As long as the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) with altered antigenicity will emerge. The development of vaccines that elicit robust, broad, and durable protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants is urgently required. We have developed a vaccine consisting of the attenuated vaccinia virus Dairen-I (DIs) strain platform carrying the SARS-CoV-2 S gene (rDIs-S). rDIs-S induced neutralizing antibody and T-lymphocyte responses in cynomolgus macaques and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mice, and the mouse model showed broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 isolates ranging from the early-pandemic strain (WK-521) to the recent Omicron BA.1 variant (TY38-873). Using a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis of lung homogenates from hACE2 transgenic mice, we found that, among mice subjected to challenge infection with WK-521, vaccination with rDIs-S prevented protein expression related to the severe pathogenic effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection (tissue destruction, inflammation, coagulation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis) and restored protein expression related to immune responses (antigen presentation and cellular response to stress). Furthermore, long-term studies in mice showed that vaccination with rDIs-S maintains S protein-specific antibody titers for at least 6 months after a first vaccination. Thus, rDIs-S appears to provide broad and durable protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, including current variants such as Omicron BA.1 and possibly future variants

In-situ mechanical weakness of subducting sediments beneath a plate boundary décollement in the Nankai Trough

© 2018, The Author(s). The study investigates the in-situ strength of sediments across a plate boundary décollement using drilling parameters recorded when a 1180-m-deep borehole was established during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 370, Temperature-Limit of the Deep Biosphere off Muroto (T-Limit). Information of the in-situ strength of the shallow portion in/around a plate boundary fault zone is critical for understanding the development of accretionary prisms and of the décollement itself. Studies using seismic reflection surveys and scientific ocean drillings have recently revealed the existence of high pore pressure zones around frontal accretionary prisms, which may reduce the effective strength of the sediments. A direct measurement of in-situ strength by experiments, however, has not been executed due to the difficulty in estimating in-situ stress conditions. In this study, we derived a depth profile for the in-situ strength of a frontal accretionary prism across a décollement from drilling parameters using the recently established equivalent strength (EST) method. At site C0023, the toe of the accretionary prism area off Cape Muroto, Japan, the EST gradually increases with depth but undergoes a sudden change at ~ 800 mbsf, corresponding to the top of the subducting sediment. At this depth, directly below the décollement zone, the EST decreases from ~ 10 to 2 MPa, with a change in the baseline. This mechanically weak zone in the subducting sediments extends over 250 m (~ 800–1050 mbsf), corresponding to the zone where the fluid influx was discovered, and high-fluid pressure was suggested by previous seismic imaging observations. Although the origin of the fluids or absolute values of the strength remain unclear, our investigations support previous studies suggesting that elevated pore pressure beneath the décollement weakens the subducting sediments. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Multi-modal Mapping of the Face Selective Ventral Temporal Cortex-A Group Study With Clinical Implications for ECS, ECoG, and fMRI （複数手法による側頭葉腹側皮質の顔認知機能マッピング-脳皮質刺激、皮質脳波、機能的MRIの臨床的意義を検討するためのグループ研究）

Face recognition is impaired in patients with prosopagnosia, which may occur as a side effect of neurosurgical procedures. Face selective regions on the ventral temporal cortex have been localized with electrical cortical stimulation (ECS), electrocorticography (ECoG), and functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI). This is the first group study using within-patient comparisons to validate face selective regions mapping, utilizing the aforementioned modalities. Five patients underwent surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy and joined the study. Subdural grid electrodes were implanted on their ventral temporal cortices to localize seizure foci and face selective regions as part of the functional mapping protocol. Face selective regions were identified in all patients with fMRI, four patients with ECoG, and two patients with ECS. From 177 tested electrode locations in the region of interest (ROI), which is defined by the fusiform gyrus and the inferior temporal gyrus, 54 face locations were identified by at least one modality in all patients. fMRI mapping showed the highest detection rate, revealing 70.4% for face selective locations, whereas ECoG and ECS identified 64.8 and 31.5%, respectively. Thus, 28 face locations were co-localized by at least two modalities, with detection rates of 89.3% for fMRI, 85.7% for ECoG and 53.6 % for ECS. All five patients had no face recognition deficits after surgery, even though five of the face selective locations, one obtained by ECoG and the other four by fMRI, were within 10 mm to the resected volumes. Moreover, fMRI included a quite large volume artifact on the ventral temporal cortex in the ROI from the anatomical structures of the temporal base. In conclusion, ECS was not sensitive in several patients, whereas ECoG and fMRI even showed activation within 10 mm to the resected volumes. Considering the potential signal drop-out in fMRI makes ECoG the most reliable tool to identify face selective locations in this study. A multimodal approach can improve the specificity of ECoG and fMRI, while simultaneously minimizing the number of required ECS sessions. Hence, all modalities should be considered in a clinical mapping protocol entailing combined results of co-localized face selective locations.博士（医学）旭川医科大